# Technology Glossary

> Short explanations of common terms such as GPON, RADIUS, LoRaWAN and PAdES.

- [RADIUS](https://internetten.com.tr/en/glossary/radius.md): RADIUS is a client–server protocol that centrally handles authentication, authorization and accounting (AAA) for users joining a network.
- [BNG / vBNG](https://internetten.com.tr/en/glossary/bng.md): A BNG is the ISP gateway that terminates broadband subscriber sessions, assigns IP addresses and enforces speed, quota and policy rules.
- [CGNAT](https://internetten.com.tr/en/glossary/cgnat.md): CGNAT is operator-scale address translation that lets many subscribers share a single public IPv4 address, separated by port ranges.
- [PPPoE](https://internetten.com.tr/en/glossary/pppoe.md): PPPoE is a broadband access protocol that carries PPP sessions over Ethernet so subscribers can authenticate with a username and password.
- [TR-069 (CWMP)](https://internetten.com.tr/en/glossary/tr-069.md): TR-069 is a remote management protocol that lets ISPs configure, update and monitor subscriber modems, ONTs and routers from a central server.
- [MikroTik RouterOS](https://internetten.com.tr/en/glossary/routeros.md): RouterOS is MikroTik's network operating system, providing routing, firewall, VPN, hotspot and wireless functions on its hardware and on VMs.
- [WireGuard](https://internetten.com.tr/en/glossary/wireguard.md): WireGuard is an open-source VPN protocol that runs over UDP and builds tunnels with modern cryptography and a very small codebase.
- [VLAN](https://internetten.com.tr/en/glossary/vlan.md): A VLAN is a logical network carved out of shared switching hardware with IEEE 802.1Q tags, isolating traffic as if it ran on separate LANs.
- [BGP](https://internetten.com.tr/en/glossary/bgp.md): BGP is the routing protocol that holds the internet together, exchanging reachability for IP prefixes between autonomous systems (AS).
- [GPON](https://internetten.com.tr/en/glossary/gpon.md): GPON is the ITU-T G.984 fiber access technology that shares one fiber among many subscribers via passive splitters, with 2.5 Gbit/s downstream.
- [XGS-PON](https://internetten.com.tr/en/glossary/xgs-pon.md): XGS-PON is the ITU-T G.9807.1 PON standard delivering about 10 Gbit/s symmetrical capacity while sharing the same fiber plant as GPON.
- [OLT](https://internetten.com.tr/en/glossary/olt.md): An OLT is the central-office end of a passive optical network: it manages connected ONUs and hands subscriber traffic to the operator's core.
- [ONU / ONT](https://internetten.com.tr/en/glossary/onu-ont.md): An ONU/ONT is the customer-side device of a PON that converts the optical signal on the fiber into Ethernet, Wi-Fi or telephone services.
- [PLC Splitter](https://internetten.com.tr/en/glossary/plc-splitter.md): A PLC splitter is an unpowered passive fiber component that divides an optical signal equally into many outputs using waveguides on a silica chip.
- [Optical Power Budget](https://internetten.com.tr/en/glossary/optical-power-budget.md): An optical power budget is the calculation of the total loss a fiber link can tolerate while still delivering enough light to the receiver.
- [SFP Module](https://internetten.com.tr/en/glossary/sfp-module.md): An SFP module is a hot-pluggable, small form-factor transceiver that plugs into switch, router or OLT ports to provide a fiber or copper link.
- [Splice Closure](https://internetten.com.tr/en/glossary/splice-closure.md): A splice closure is a sealed outdoor enclosure that protects fiber fusion splices and splitters from moisture, dust and mechanical stress.
- [PTP (Point-to-Point Wireless Link)](https://internetten.com.tr/en/glossary/ptp.md): A PTP link is a point-to-point radio connection between two fixed sites that uses directional antennas to carry data between buildings or sites.
- [PTMP (Point-to-Multipoint Wireless)](https://internetten.com.tr/en/glossary/ptmp.md): PTMP is a point-to-multipoint wireless architecture in which one base station with a sector or omni antenna serves many subscriber radios.
- [Fresnel Zone](https://internetten.com.tr/en/glossary/fresnel-zone.md): The Fresnel zone is the ellipsoid around the straight line between two antennas that must stay largely clear for a radio link to perform well.
- [Line of Sight (LOS)](https://internetten.com.tr/en/glossary/line-of-sight-los.md): Line of sight (LOS) means an unobstructed direct path exists between two antennas. It is the basic requirement for high-frequency wireless links.
- [RSSI](https://internetten.com.tr/en/glossary/rssi.md): RSSI is a measurement of the power of the radio signal a wireless receiver picks up, usually expressed in dBm.
- [Captive Portal (Hotspot)](https://internetten.com.tr/en/glossary/captive-portal.md): A captive portal sends users who join a guest Wi-Fi network to a landing page for login or consent before granting internet access.
- [Wi-Fi 6 / Wi-Fi 7](https://internetten.com.tr/en/glossary/wifi-6-wifi-7.md): Wi-Fi 6 (IEEE 802.11ax) and Wi-Fi 7 (IEEE 802.11be) are recent wireless LAN generations built for higher speed, capacity and lower latency.
- [Syslog](https://internetten.com.tr/en/glossary/syslog.md): Syslog is the standard protocol that network devices, servers and applications use to send event messages to a central log server.
- [Trusted Timestamp (RFC 3161)](https://internetten.com.tr/en/glossary/timestamp.md): A trusted timestamp is a record signed by a trusted authority proving that electronic data existed at a given moment and has not changed since.
- [SIEM](https://internetten.com.tr/en/glossary/siem.md): SIEM is a security information and event management system that collects and correlates logs from many sources to detect threats in real time.
- [Law No. 5651 (Türkiye)](https://internetten.com.tr/en/glossary/law-5651.md): Law No. 5651 is the Turkish law regulating online publications and setting duties for content, hosting, access and collective-use providers.
- [KVKK (Turkish Personal Data Protection Law No. 6698)](https://internetten.com.tr/en/glossary/kvkk.md): KVKK is Türkiye's Personal Data Protection Law No. 6698, which governs personal data processing, controller duties and data subject rights.
- [Qualified Electronic Certificate (NES) and Law No. 5070](https://internetten.com.tr/en/glossary/qualified-electronic-certificate.md): A qualified electronic certificate (NES) enables secure electronic signatures that carry the same legal effect as handwritten ones under Law No. 5070.
- [PAdES](https://internetten.com.tr/en/glossary/pades.md): PAdES is the ETSI standard for embedding advanced electronic signatures inside PDF documents so they remain verifiable over the long term.
- [BTK (Information and Communication Technologies Authority)](https://internetten.com.tr/en/glossary/btk.md): BTK is Türkiye's Information and Communication Technologies Authority, regulating electronic communications, internet services and e-signatures.
- [LoRaWAN](https://internetten.com.tr/en/glossary/lorawan.md): LoRaWAN is an LPWAN protocol that lets battery-powered sensors send small amounts of data to gateways kilometres away using very little energy.
- [NB-IoT](https://internetten.com.tr/en/glossary/nb-iot.md): NB-IoT is a 3GPP cellular IoT technology running in operators' licensed spectrum, offering deep coverage and long battery life for low-data devices.
- [Modbus (RTU / TCP)](https://internetten.com.tr/en/glossary/modbus.md): Modbus is a simple, widely used industrial protocol for reading and writing data on devices such as PLCs, energy meters, sensors and drives.
- [MQTT](https://internetten.com.tr/en/glossary/mqtt.md): MQTT is a lightweight publish/subscribe messaging protocol in which IoT devices exchange messages by topic through a central broker.
- [Omnichannel Communication](https://internetten.com.tr/en/glossary/omnichannel-communication.md): Omnichannel communication brings channels such as WhatsApp, web chat, social media, SMS and email into one shared inbox and a single customer profile.
- [QR Code](https://internetten.com.tr/en/glossary/qr-code.md): A QR code is a two-dimensional matrix barcode (ISO/IEC 18004) that stores data in square modules and can be read quickly by a phone camera.

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Canonical: https://internetten.com.tr/en/glossary