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Knowledge Base

Technical articles and guides

Articles on Turkish logging and e-signature law, GPON, fiber budget calculations, wireless link planning and IoT protocols.

Regulation

Turkish Law 5651: Logging Obligations for Public Wi-Fi Providers

What hotels, cafés, schools and malls in Türkiye must log under Law 5651: IP allocation records, daily integrity values, 2-year retention, penalties and KVKK.

Read article9 min read
Wireless

PTP and PTMP Wireless Link Planning: Fresnel Zone and LOS

Plan PTP and PTMP wireless links: 5 GHz vs 60 GHz, Fresnel zone formula and 60% clearance rule, link budget, RSSI/SNR targets, antenna choice and site surveys.

Read article9 min read
Software

Omnichannel Customer Communication with an AI Assistant

What omnichannel communication means, WhatsApp Business API vs app, unified inbox, AI assistants grounded in CRM data via tool calls, voice bots and privacy.

Read article8 min read
Network & ISP

ISP Subscriber Management: RADIUS, PPPoE, BNG, CGNAT, TR-069

How ISP subscriber management works in practice: RADIUS AAA, PPPoE sessions, BNG/vBNG, CGNAT logging, TR-069 CPE management, billing and BTK reporting.

Read article9 min read
IoT

IoT Protocols Compared: LoRaWAN, NB-IoT, Modbus and MQTT

LoRa vs LoRaWAN, NB-IoT, Modbus RTU/TCP and MQTT compared by range, power and data rate, with protocol choices for energy monitoring, greenhouses and livestock.

Read article9 min read
Regulation

Guest Wi-Fi Legal Requirements in Türkiye: Hotels & Cafés

Guest Wi-Fi rules for hotels and cafés in Türkiye: Law 5651 logging, KVKK privacy notices and consent, user authentication methods and hotspot architecture.

Read article8 min read
Fiber & PON

GPON vs XGS-PON: Speeds, Wavelengths, OLT and ONU Explained

GPON (ITU-T G.984) vs XGS-PON (G.9807.1): line rates, wavelengths, optical classes, split ratios, OLT/ONU choices and how both coexist on one ODN.

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Fiber & PON

Fiber Optical Power Budget Calculation: A Worked PON Example

Calculate a fiber optical power budget: attenuation per km, connector and splice loss, splitter loss table, GPON B+/C+ classes, margin and a worked example.

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Regulation

Electronic Signatures in Türkiye: Law 5070, NES and ID Cards

When is an e-signature equal to a wet signature in Türkiye? Law 5070, qualified certificates (NES), Turkish ID card signing, PAdES levels and exceptions.

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Security & logging

Centralized Syslog: Protocol, Architecture and Log Management

How centralized syslog works: RFC 3164 vs 5424, UDP/TCP/TLS transport, facility and severity, collector architecture, cloud vs on-prem, retention and SIEM.

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